![]() ![]() Optimism, is associated with specific coping styles, goal framing and positive affect. ‘velcro construct, to which everything sticks’ (Peterson, 2000, p.47). Optimism itself is not clean cut but is instead possessed in varying degrees (Peterson, 2000). In situations of limited opportunity to evaluate knowledge due to time pressure or lack of information, evaluations are based on affect (Lench and Ditto, 2008). Positive affect increases optimism bias, although motivation theory would predict the opposite (Chambers and Windschitl, 2004). The strength of this effect is not constant. the tablet might cure them) or something they do not (e.g. People given identical descriptions or statistics will weight information differently when used to describe something they want (e.g. Optimism helps people remember and recall personally relevant health related information (Abele and Gendolla, 2007). More weight is given to information if it favours the self or it supports a desired conclusion (Flyvbjerg, 2006). Optimism bias refers to the way knowledge evaluation has been shown to be skewed in predictable, positive and self serving ways.Realism refers to the relationship between available knowledge and understanding at any given moment, possible choices and chosen actions. Realistic optimism is defined by Sneider (2001) with reference to Degrandpre (2000) as the ‘tendency to maintain a positive outlook within the constraints of the available measurable phenomena situated in the physical and social world’.Strategic optimism (Ruthig et al., 2007) is a domain specific denial of risk based on a belief in having control.Situational optimism refers to the general expectations of a good outcome in a specific context.Comparative optimism (Radcliffe and Klein, 2002) introduces relativity of expectation of good outcomes for the self compared with a similar other.Bad events are, by contrast, regarded as impermanent, non-pervasive and due to causes external to the self. ![]() OptimistsĪttribute good events with permanence (likely to recur), pervasiveness (the ‘goodness’ will extend to other future events) and internality (I caused it and can cause it again).
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